烟气多污染物协同处理催化陶瓷过滤管的研究进展

燃烧烟气中各污染物的排放是大气污染的最主要来源，针对烟气多污染物的治理意义重大。本文综述了国内外目前关于烟气多污染物脱除的两种技术，即传统串联脱除技术和一体化协同脱除技术。相比于传统串联脱除工艺，多污染物一体化协同脱除技术具有占地面积小、运行费用低、应用领域广的优点，是烟气多污染物治理的发展趋势。而陶瓷过滤管催化剂技术以其独有的非对称、孔径梯度变化的结构特性，成为一种极具应用前景的一体化协同脱除新技术。国内外关于陶瓷过滤管催化剂的研究主要从过滤管元件的选材和负载脱硝催化剂的工艺方法这两方面，围绕过滤管催化剂的催化活性、过滤压降及性能稳定性的进行研究，取得了一定的成果。结合当前陶瓷过滤管催化剂的研究现状，对今后烟气多污染物陶瓷过滤管催化剂技术的发展提出了建议。     

Users in the design of Hydrogen Energy Systems: A systematic review

The energy transition is a major societal issue to which hydrogen energy can make an important contribution. If the technical aspects of hydrogen energy seem paramount, it is also important to focus on the end users of these future systems. Indeed, users play an important role in the success of energy systems: they may not accept it, they may not use it as intended. But not only, users can also be a source of innovation. Thus, it is possible to mobilize different approaches, which if they are all legitimate, do not have the same efficiency. In this systematic review of the literature, which combines lexical analysis and data analysis of 152 publications, we identify the approaches implemented to take into account users in Hydrogen Energy Systems. Our results indicate that final users are mostly perceived as a barrier to the deployment of Hydrogen Energy Systems, or as a parameter to be assessed rather than as a resource for the design. Researches have mainly the aim of improving technology adoption. Since Hydrogen Energy Systems are emerging, we recommend focusing studies on upstream user research aimed at stimulating and enhancing technologies and systems design. We also recommend increasing the share of study which focus on the case of hydrogen energy stationary applications and buildings.     

Effect of α phase morphology on fatigue crack growth behavior of Ti−5Al−5Mo−5V−1Cr−1Fe alloy

Taking a Ti−5Al−5Mo−5V−1Cr−1Fe alloy as exemplary case, the fatigue crack growth sensitivity and fracture features with various tailored α phase morphologies were thoroughly investigated using fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) test, optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The tailored microstructures by heat treatments include the fine and coarse secondary α phase, as well as the widmanstatten and basket weave features. The sample with coarse secondary α phase exhibits better comprehensive properties of good crack propagation resistance (with long Paris regime ranging from 15 to 60 MPa·m^1/2), high yield strength (1113 MPa) and ultimate strength (1150 MPa), and good elongation (11.6%). The good crack propagation resistance can be attributed to crack deflection, long secondary crack, and tortuous crack path induced by coarse secondary α phase.     

Facile synthesis and electrochemical performances of hollow graphene spheres as anode material for lithium-ion batteries

The hollow graphene oxide spheres have been successfully fabricated from graphene oxide nanosheets utilizing a water-in-oil emulsion technique, which were prepared from natural flake graphite by oxidation and ultrasonic treatment. The hollow graphene oxide spheres were reduced to hollow graphene spheres at 500°C for 3 h under an atmosphere of Ar(95%)/H₂(5%). The first reversible specific capacity of the hollow graphene spheres was as high as 903 mAh g^-1 at a current density of 50 mAh g^-1. Even at a high current density of 500 mAh g^-1, the reversible specific capacity remained at 502 mAh g^-1. After 60 cycles, the reversible capacity was still kept at 652 mAh g^-1 at the current density of 50 mAh g^-1. These results indicate that the prepared hollow graphene spheres possess excellent electrochemical performances for lithium storage. The high rate performance of hollow graphene spheres thanks to the hollow structure, thin and porous shells consisting of graphene sheets.

PACS

81.05.ue; 61.48.Gh; 72.80.Vp     

Designing low-carbon MgO–Al2O3–La2O3–C refractories with balanced performance for ladle furnaces

In order to achieve high-quality and stable production of special steel, the performance of low-carbon MgO-C refractories needs to be further optimized. For this purpose, low-carbon MgO–Al₂O₃–La₂O₃–C refractories with enhanced thermal shock resistance and slag resistance were designed and successfully prepared by introducing Al₂O₃ as a reinforcer and La₂O₃ as a modifier. The results showed that the refractory samples with additives show better overall performance than those without additives. When 10 wt% of Al₂O₃ and La₂O₃ were added, the oxidation resistance, thermal shock resistance and slag resistance of the refractory samples coked at 1400 °C are increased by 13.57%, 17.75% and 43.09%, respectively. The analysis found that this can be mainly attributed to the formation of MgAl₂O₄, Mg₂SiO₄, and 2CaO·4La₂O₃·6SiO₂ and the consequent volume expansion effect and intergranular phase enhancement effect. Therefore, a low-cost and enforceable reinforcement strategy for low-carbon MgO-C refractories is proposed, which is expected to be applied in steelmaking.     

油浸式电抗器用阻尼橡胶材料压缩阻尼特性与本构模型

通过对油浸式电抗器器身-油箱间阻尼橡胶材料进行轴向压缩滞回性能试验,研究了其阻尼特性;依据实验数据并结合ABAQUS数值模拟结果,校正了适用于油浸式电抗器器身-油箱间阻尼橡胶材料的Mooney-Rivlin和Yeoh本构模型参数。结果表明,相比普通抗振橡胶试件,丁腈橡胶试件的轴向压缩刚度更大,滞回曲线更饱满,耗能能力更强;Mooney-Rivlin模型和Yeoh模型均适用于NBR试件的小变形和大变形行为,其中Mooney-Rivlin模型参数和Yeoh模型参数计算结果最大误差分别为-11.31%和-12.21%。     

活化液助溶剂对再生脱硝催化剂性能的影响

为了考察助溶剂对活化液的催化剂再生性能的影响,将某燃煤电厂失活退役的脱硝催化剂在相同清洗工艺下处理,随后分别浸入以草酸、乙醇胺作为助溶剂配制的活化液中,得到两个再生催化剂。采用XRF、氮气物理吸附法、原位吡啶吸附、NH₃-TPD、Raman、XPS、H₂-TPR以及固定床脱硝反应器等表征手段对新鲜样品、失活样品以及再生样品进行表面理化性质、脱硝性能测试评价。结果显示,脱硝催化剂失活的主要原因是飞灰中的碱金属K、Na造成催化剂的比表面积和孔容下降、表面Lewis酸性位数量减少、V⁵⁺比例下降、活性VO _x 减少及氧化还原性能下降。同时发现,两个再生催化剂在等量活性组分钒条件下,脱硝性能却表现出较大差异,乙醇胺助溶活化液再生的样品Ethanol-cat性能恢复至新鲜催化剂的97%以上,而草酸助溶活化液再生的样品Oxalic-cat却几乎无再生效果,这是因为两种活化液中的活性组分钒状态不同,乙醇胺助溶活化液中钒离子可有效恢复失活催化剂的酸性位数量、V⁵⁺比例、活性物种VO _x 数量以及氧化还原性能,而草酸助溶活化液对失活催化剂的这些理化性质作用较小。     

两条煤制油与石油路线的技术环境和经济分析

中国液体燃料的生产严重依赖石油,为了缓解石油高度对外依存带来的风险,中国正在积极探索石油的替代路线。在中国“富煤贫油”的情况下,煤制油有望成为缓解石油供应安全风险的重要替代途径。利用生命周期评价的方法(from cradle to gate)从能耗、碳排放和经济性三个角度对煤直接液化(direct coal liquefaction,DCL)和煤间接液化(indirect coal liquefaction,ICL)进行分析,并与传统炼油(oil refining,OR)路线进行对比。结果表明:DCL和ICL路线的生命周期能耗分别是OR路线生命周期能耗的2.4倍和2.8倍,碳排放分别是OR路线碳排放的8倍和10倍。当油价低于45美元/桶时,无论是DCL还是ICL均难以与OR路线竞争;当油价在35美元/桶~65美元/桶,煤价在低于400元/t时,ICL有较好的竞争力;而当油价高于75美元/桶时,即使煤价高达700元/t,DCL仍具较好的竞争力。     

高压直流输电系统换流器技术综述

作为高压直流输电核心设备的换流器容量巨大、可控性强,对可靠性的要求很高。传统晶闸管换流器容量很大,但投资大、谐波严重。电压源换流器能弥补传统晶闸管换流器的部分缺点,其发展十分迅速。为了进一步推动换流器技术在高压直流输电系统中的改进研究和应用,针对传统晶闸管换流器、每极2组12脉动换流器、电容换相换流器以及电压源换流器等适合于高压直流输电的换流器,在详细介绍这些换流器的拓扑结构、基本工作原理、控制策略的基础上,对其技术特点和应用领域进行了评述。研究结果表明:长距离大容量高压直流输电仍然适合采用传统晶闸管换流器;电压源换流器在HVDC中有广泛的应用前景,是未来高压直流输电技术的重要发展方向。     

Alcohol-assisted rapid growth of vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays

Millimeter-to-centimeter scale vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VACNT) arrays are widely studied because of their immense potential in a range of applications. Catalyst control during chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is key to maintain the sustained growth of VACNT arrays. Herein, we achieved ultrafast growth of VACNT arrays using Fe/Al₂O₃ catalysts by ethanol-assisted two-zone CVD. One zone was set at temperatures above 850 °C to pyrolyze the carbon source and the other zone was set at 760 °C for VACNT deposition. By tuning synthesis parameters, up to 7 mm long VACNT arrays could be grown within 45 min, with a maximal growth rate of ∼280 μm/min. Our study indicates that the introduction of alcohol vapor and separation of growth zones from the carbon decomposition zone help reduce catalyst particle deactivation and accelerate the carbon source pyrolysis, leading to the promotion of VACNT array growth. We also observed that the catalyst film thickness did not significantly affect the CNT growth rate and microstructures under the conditions of our study. Additionally, the ultralong CNTs showed better processability with less structural deformation when exposed to solvent and polymer solutions. Our results demonstrate significant progress towards commercial production and application of VACNT arrays.